0 00:00:05,434 --> 00:00:06,677 So for this module, 1 00:00:06,677 --> 00:00:10,420 we have a short overview of cartography in map composition. 2 00:00:10,420 --> 00:00:14,920 And this is important to build of off all the other data we have because this is 3 00:00:14,920 --> 00:00:18,520 really the process of creating the final map that you're gonna stick in your 4 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:21,850 thesis, or your publication, or show it to your family, or something like that. 5 00:00:22,910 --> 00:00:25,400 That's not to say that it's a difficult topic at all but 6 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:29,980 it's really an important on to keep in mind a few key things about this. 7 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:33,790 So cartography is the study and process of making maps. 8 00:00:33,790 --> 00:00:37,260 It really kinda combines both the science, the nature of it and 9 00:00:37,260 --> 00:00:42,710 the aesthetics of what we're creating to model reality and 10 00:00:42,710 --> 00:00:45,310 effectively communicate some sort of spatial information. 11 00:00:45,310 --> 00:00:49,250 Now, there's a whole field of this, of propaganda maps, 12 00:00:49,250 --> 00:00:53,900 of how you use maps to create a certain impact on the viewer, and 13 00:00:53,900 --> 00:00:57,860 get a certain point across, that we're not gonna get into in these modules. 14 00:00:57,860 --> 00:01:04,234 Instead what I want to focus on is the things that are really necessary for 15 00:01:04,234 --> 00:01:09,893 having a true effective map that you've created from GIS data. 16 00:01:09,893 --> 00:01:14,782 Now there area three major components of a good map, and 17 00:01:14,782 --> 00:01:19,060 they are scale A legend and a North arrow. 18 00:01:19,060 --> 00:01:24,780 These are really crucial for effectively showing where you are on the globe and 19 00:01:24,780 --> 00:01:26,450 something about the map that you've created. 20 00:01:26,450 --> 00:01:31,252 Each one of them is quite easy to do in RGIS. 21 00:01:31,252 --> 00:01:35,900 We're gonna work with the sort of design mode of RGIS in the demonstration for 22 00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:36,430 this module. 23 00:01:37,710 --> 00:01:39,950 But I wanna go over each one of these in a little bit of detail just so 24 00:01:39,950 --> 00:01:43,380 you understand what it is you're putting on to the maps. 25 00:01:43,380 --> 00:01:46,610 First off, a scale is pretty crucial. 26 00:01:46,610 --> 00:01:49,830 This can either be one of kind of three different types. 27 00:01:49,830 --> 00:01:51,040 It can be a verbal scale, 28 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:54,649 where essentially you've printed on there one inch is equal to 20 miles. 29 00:01:55,920 --> 00:01:59,370 The problem here is it can be fairly inaccurate if it gets resized, 30 00:01:59,370 --> 00:02:00,820 if somebody scales your map. 31 00:02:00,820 --> 00:02:04,270 And it's not at all useful in the digital realm because one inch on a computer 32 00:02:04,270 --> 00:02:07,740 monitor could be quite different depending on how you're zooming in and out. 33 00:02:07,740 --> 00:02:09,540 So we tend to avoid those. 34 00:02:09,540 --> 00:02:14,231 Another one is a representative fraction, so one colon 2400, 35 00:02:14,231 --> 00:02:18,740 24,000 It's just showing that one unit of something 36 00:02:18,740 --> 00:02:22,900 on the map is equal to 24 units in the real world. 37 00:02:22,900 --> 00:02:25,370 These do remain accurate if you're re-scaling, 38 00:02:25,370 --> 00:02:29,600 but it's a little bit hard to visually pick out what that might mean. 39 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:33,470 So the best scales to put on these maps, the maps that you're creating, 40 00:02:33,470 --> 00:02:35,930 are usually graphical or bar scales. 41 00:02:35,930 --> 00:02:40,010 Theses are sort of like a representative fraction but it has a line, 42 00:02:40,010 --> 00:02:44,580 you can see a few examples of them up here, showing what one meter looks like on 43 00:02:44,580 --> 00:02:47,950 the map versus what one meter looks like in the real world. 44 00:02:47,950 --> 00:02:53,840 Or it's showing simply that this length on the map is ten kilometers. 45 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:55,840 So these are quite easy to put in, 46 00:02:55,840 --> 00:02:58,520 and the ones that we're gonna be working with almost exclusively. 47 00:02:58,520 --> 00:03:03,200 Now the second thing that we need is a legend, and this is 48 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:08,050 essentially just something to explain the symbols that you've used on the map. 49 00:03:08,050 --> 00:03:11,070 It could be really obvious to us 50 00:03:11,070 --> 00:03:15,250 that a little symbol like this equals a picnic table. 51 00:03:15,250 --> 00:03:18,960 Or a cross equals a hospital or something like that. 52 00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:21,930 But those are cultural constructs that we see and 53 00:03:21,930 --> 00:03:26,880 we understand that may not be truly obvious to everyone out there. 54 00:03:26,880 --> 00:03:29,540 So it's always a good idea to have a legend on your map, 55 00:03:29,540 --> 00:03:32,680 particularly if you're using any sort of abstract symbols. 56 00:03:32,680 --> 00:03:34,750 And if you have raster data in there that are say, 57 00:03:34,750 --> 00:03:38,440 topography or are density of something. 58 00:03:38,440 --> 00:03:41,600 You need to be able to explain what the scale you're using is. 59 00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:43,359 What the color ramp that you're using. 60 00:03:43,359 --> 00:03:49,205 So it's really important to have a legend on most maps. 61 00:03:49,205 --> 00:03:53,532 [NOISE] Having a north arrow is also usually Be important, even though 62 00:03:53,532 --> 00:03:58,921 the default standard is up, is north, on the page, but that's not always the case. 63 00:03:58,921 --> 00:04:01,240 So having a north arrow never hurts anything, and 64 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:04,430 in cases where up is not north is really, really crucial. 65 00:04:04,430 --> 00:04:10,690 So there are a few different conventions that are used in north arrows. 66 00:04:10,690 --> 00:04:13,610 You can see these up here where you have some that are true north, if 67 00:04:13,610 --> 00:04:18,010 it has basically the arrow on The point on both sides is supposed to be true north. 68 00:04:18,010 --> 00:04:19,980 If it has it on one side, it's supposed to be magnetic north. 69 00:04:19,980 --> 00:04:22,290 And if it's got both, it's supposed to be both. 70 00:04:22,290 --> 00:04:25,470 These are not particularly strongly enforced in 71 00:04:25,470 --> 00:04:27,910 the amateur cartography GIS world, 72 00:04:27,910 --> 00:04:32,430 but do keep in mind that almost always what you're dealing with is true north. 73 00:04:32,430 --> 00:04:36,510 On a map, so try to use one that indicates that. 74 00:04:36,510 --> 00:04:39,460 There's a staggering array of different north arrows that we can choose in 75 00:04:39,460 --> 00:04:43,040 our GIS, and I encourage you to play around and have some fun with choosing 76 00:04:44,770 --> 00:04:48,327 some of the more fanciful north arrows when we're doing the actual assignment for 77 00:04:48,327 --> 00:04:52,690 this [INAUDIBLE] Now something else that we can have on there. 78 00:04:52,690 --> 00:04:57,680 There is a few optional things that are really good, not always vital to have on. 79 00:04:57,680 --> 00:05:00,870 We can have coordinates on the outside the map. 80 00:05:00,870 --> 00:05:04,420 Usually it's good to have these just to show where you are if its not 81 00:05:04,420 --> 00:05:05,790 immediately apparent. 82 00:05:05,790 --> 00:05:10,540 And these can be either a reference grid or you might have Section a1 and 83 00:05:10,540 --> 00:05:14,340 then that might have a zoom in on that or something somewhere else. 84 00:05:14,340 --> 00:05:18,040 We can have a graticule that is that geographic coordinate system that we 85 00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:21,620 talked about in an earlier module where it's giving us latitude and 86 00:05:21,620 --> 00:05:22,980 longitude coordinates. 87 00:05:22,980 --> 00:05:25,930 Or we can have a measured one that's some sort of projected system that's 88 00:05:25,930 --> 00:05:30,060 giving us the UTM coordinates or the state plane coordinates around the outside. 89 00:05:31,400 --> 00:05:35,020 It's possible to have multiple different coordinates systems on a single map. 90 00:05:35,020 --> 00:05:39,230 If you've ever looked at the standard USGS maps, they usually have multiple 91 00:05:39,230 --> 00:05:42,220 coordinate systems on there represented in different ways. 92 00:05:43,995 --> 00:05:48,605 We can also have map insets, either as detail of an important area, so 93 00:05:48,605 --> 00:05:52,665 sort of a zoom in of a really important area on the map, or 94 00:05:52,665 --> 00:05:55,395 as kind of a zoom out putting the context of it. 95 00:05:55,395 --> 00:05:57,105 So the one we see here, 96 00:05:57,105 --> 00:06:01,465 we may have a zoom in on something that's deemed important for the map or we may 97 00:06:01,465 --> 00:06:05,265 show where we are within a country if it's not immediately apparent to the observer. 98 00:06:07,290 --> 00:06:09,940 We can also insert tables and charts. 99 00:06:09,940 --> 00:06:14,230 So we might have data on the map that are also, we want to show some sort 100 00:06:14,230 --> 00:06:17,820 of relationship between them, so we can have a table or a chart showing that. 101 00:06:17,820 --> 00:06:22,710 Just have a few examples of these here, cases where you might want to 102 00:06:22,710 --> 00:06:26,980 see different measurements in addition to just the station location. 103 00:06:31,180 --> 00:06:35,210 But even more broadly, there are a few things about creating these maps that I 104 00:06:35,210 --> 00:06:39,170 want to make sure have been made clear to you. 105 00:06:39,170 --> 00:06:42,120 First is kind of a general thing, you want to be adapting whatever map 106 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:46,030 you're creating to your audience and to the medium that you're creating it for. 107 00:06:46,030 --> 00:06:50,880 So as general rules, almost everything should be annotated if you can. 108 00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:53,010 Legends, scales, North arrows. 109 00:06:53,010 --> 00:06:55,340 These are all really important things. 110 00:06:55,340 --> 00:06:58,480 If you're creating something for publication or for a report, 111 00:06:58,480 --> 00:07:01,700 if it's printed, it's usually better to have it in grey scale if you can. 112 00:07:01,700 --> 00:07:05,120 You're not always sure what the restrictions as to color are going to be. 113 00:07:05,120 --> 00:07:08,420 Again, you should really annotate everything you possibly can. 114 00:07:08,420 --> 00:07:11,180 Where things change a little bit is for presentations. 115 00:07:11,180 --> 00:07:12,940 If you're doing things digitally or 116 00:07:12,940 --> 00:07:16,430 in PowerPoint, sometimes keeping it more simple is actually 117 00:07:16,430 --> 00:07:19,960 better than having all of the annotation that you possibly can on there. 118 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:23,160 And choosing high contrast colors are gonna be a little bit more important. 119 00:07:25,620 --> 00:07:29,590 Now so far as avoiding clutter and choosing symbols for these things you 120 00:07:29,590 --> 00:07:34,290 really wanna try to use as few layers as possible to make whatever your point is. 121 00:07:34,290 --> 00:07:38,650 So if you're trying to make a point about the density of cities in northern Indiana, 122 00:07:38,650 --> 00:07:41,400 you don't really necessarily need to have rivers and roads and 123 00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:45,920 all sorts of other layers on, you wanna use your sizes, shapes, and 124 00:07:45,920 --> 00:07:50,810 colors to use your symbology for anything that you have to distinguish 125 00:07:50,810 --> 00:07:54,440 whatever important elements you're trying to do. 126 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:57,660 In particular, polygons, usually you have to make sure you've set a good boundary 127 00:07:57,660 --> 00:08:02,140 color on them or it can be very hard to see the distinctions between them. 128 00:08:02,140 --> 00:08:07,800 Whenever possible try to match colors and symbols to the items being represented. 129 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:11,550 So for instance, if you're making a map that has an ocean on it, 130 00:08:11,550 --> 00:08:15,920 it's probably a good idea to make that ocean blue, to make water blue on a map, 131 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:17,630 to make forests green. 132 00:08:17,630 --> 00:08:20,190 It just triggers us a little bit more strongly. 133 00:08:20,190 --> 00:08:22,280 However, if you're trying to distinguish between two very, 134 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:26,020 very similar things, two different types of forests or 135 00:08:26,020 --> 00:08:30,900 the locations of crows versus ravens, you might wanna use a more abstract symbol, 136 00:08:30,900 --> 00:08:33,130 you might wanna use something that's a little bit more abstract so 137 00:08:33,130 --> 00:08:36,020 that we can visually see the difference between them in a way that might not be 138 00:08:36,020 --> 00:08:38,590 apparent if you're really trying to match the color to the symbol. 139 00:08:39,890 --> 00:08:43,930 And above all else whenever you can try to use the standard color ramps. 140 00:08:43,930 --> 00:08:47,250 We've talked about typography, we've talked about what the standard color ramps 141 00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:51,750 for elevation, for slope, for aspect are try to use one of those because it's going 142 00:08:51,750 --> 00:08:55,390 to que something very distinct to anyone who's worked with GIS before. 143 00:08:57,370 --> 00:09:02,070 That's really a basic overview of, Cartography and 144 00:09:02,070 --> 00:09:04,730 how to create better maps out of these. 145 00:09:04,730 --> 00:09:09,923 We're gonna continue this discussion with a little bit more on topography and 146 00:09:09,923 --> 00:09:14,894 on terrain analysis, and on modeling and some of the future modules here.